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thermodynamics
Joule-Thomson Effect: Why Most Gases Cool on Expansion
The Joule-Thomson effect is the temperature change when a real gas expands through a valve at constant enthalpy, with no heat exchange.
Kinetic Molecular Theory: How Moving Molecules Explain Gases
Kinetic molecular theory explains gas behavior as the result of constant, random molecular motion whose collisions produce pressure and temperature.
Zero Point Energy: Why Nothing in the Universe Is Ever Still
Zero point energy is the residual motion that persists in every quantum system, even at absolute zero.
Calorimetry: How Scientists Measure Heat
Calorimetry is the measurement of heat absorbed or released during chemical reactions, physical changes, or phase transitions, using an insulated device called a...
Absolute Zero: The Temperature Nothing Can Reach
Absolute zero is the lowest temperature matter can reach, 0 kelvin or -273.15 degrees Celsius, where atoms occupy their lowest energy state but...
