Definition
Isomerism refers to the phenomenon where two or more compounds share the same chemical formula but differ in structure or spatial arrangement, resulting in distinct properties.
Etymology
The term “isomerism” originates from the Greek words “isos,” meaning equal, and “meros,” meaning part. It was first introduced in the early 19th century to describe compounds with identical compositions but different properties.
Example usage
‘Glucose and fructose are examples of isomers, sharing the same molecular formula but differing in structure.’
Interesting fact
Isomerism is not only a fascinating concept in chemistry but also plays a crucial role in the pharmaceutical industry. Different isomers of a compound can have vastly different effects on the body. For instance, one isomer of a drug might be therapeutic, while another could be toxic.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3116183/
Explanation and detail
Types of Isomerism
Isomerism is broadly categorized into two types: structural isomerism and stereoisomerism. Structural isomerism occurs when molecules have the same molecular formula but different bonding patterns. Stereoisomerism happens when molecules have the same sequence of bonded atoms but differ in three-dimensional orientations.
Structural Isomerism
Structural isomers, also known as constitutional isomers, can vary in how atoms are connected. This includes chain isomerism (differences in the carbon chain), position isomerism (variation in functional group positions), and functional group isomerism (different functional groups altogether).
Stereoisomerism
Stereoisomers are divided into two main categories: geometric and optical. Geometric isomers differ in spatial arrangements around a double bond or ring structure, like cis-trans isomers. Optical isomers, or enantiomers, are mirror images that cannot be superimposed, often affecting the way they interact with polarized light.
