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planet formation

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Brown Dwarf Star Characteristics
Space, Astronomy and Cosmology

Brown Dwarf: The Objects Between Planets and Stars

A brown dwarf is a substellar object too massive to be a planet but too small to sustain hydrogen fusion, occupying the mass...

An illustration showing an imaginary protoplanetary disc - a huge disc of gas orbiting a new star.
Space and astronomyScience Tracker

Why Identical Protoplanetary Discs Create Different Planets

Protoplanetary discs produce vastly different planets depending on UV exposure timing. One million years of shielding creates Earth instead of Moon-sized worlds.

Ovoid planet orbiting a remote pulsar.
Space and astronomyScience Explorer

Exoplanet Carbon Atmosphere Defies All Formation Theories

Webb observed a lemon-shaped world with pure molecular carbon in its atmosphere. No known process can explain how it formed.

Jupiter helped Earth find its perfect home
Space and astronomyScience Tracker

How Did Planets Form? The Gas Giants Arrived First

Gas giants like Jupiter formed first in our solar system, then shaped Earth's position in the habitable zone through gravitational migration.