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Glossary Term
Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators: Nuclear Batteries for Deep Space
A radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) converts heat from radioactive decay into electricity using thermocouples, providing reliable power for spacecraft beyond the reach of...
Vaccinia Virus: From Smallpox Vaccine to Cancer Therapy
Vaccinia virus is a large DNA virus in the Orthopoxvirus genus that served as the smallpox vaccine's active component and now works as...
Plate Tectonics Theory: How Moving Plates Shape the Earth
Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into rigid plates that move on a slowly flowing layer of rock...
Keeling Curve: The Graph That Proved CO2 Is Rising
The Keeling Curve is a graph of atmospheric CO2 concentrations measured continuously at Mauna Loa Observatory since 1958, the longest unbroken record of...
Yellow Fever Virus: The Pathogen That Built Modern Public Health
Yellow fever virus is a mosquito-borne RNA pathogen in the family Flaviviridae that causes severe liver damage and death.
Peer Review: How Science Checks Its Own Work
Peer review is the evaluation of scientific work by independent experts in the same field, designed to verify accuracy and improve quality before...
Wave Refraction: How Depth Steers Ocean Waves Toward Shore
Wave refraction is the bending of ocean waves as they move into shallower water, reshaping coastlines by concentrating energy on headlands.
Quantum Physics: Definition, Principles, and Why It Matters
Quantum physics is the branch of physics that describes the behavior of matter and energy at atomic and subatomic scales, where particles follow...
Yeast Artificial Chromosomes: How YACs Mapped the Human Genome
A yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) is a laboratory-built DNA molecule that replicates in yeast and carries foreign DNA fragments up to one million...
Quantum Computing Qubits: The Bits That Break Binary
A qubit is the basic unit of quantum information, using superposition and entanglement for calculations beyond classical reach.
